From physiology of disease to systemic pathobiology: history and current trends in pathophysiology.

A paper describes the main events and periods in the history of Pathophysiology as a curriculum element and research area. The national schools of Pathophysiology in Russia, continental Europe, Asia and British-North American world are compared, their history discussed. The evolution of Pathophysiology towards Systemic Pathobiology, its crisis and perspectives are evaluated. The priority of Russian clinical and experimental researchers of late XIX century in foundation of Translational Medicine is supported. The necessity in combined programmes of Pathobiology for current education of medical researchers from biological and medical backgrounds is discussed. The experience of innovative teaching/learning of Pathophysiology at Saint Petersburg State University and Zagreb University is analyzed.